The total power to be absorbed by the lamps and motors (if any) being given, together with an allowance for extensions, the size of the dynamos can be settled, and the power of the engines required to drive them determined.
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It is desirable that there should be at least three dynamos, two of which are capable of taking the whole of the full load, the third being reserved to replace either of the others when required. The third step is to select the size of the dynamo unit and the amount of spare plant.
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Arc lamps can then be worked three in series with added resistance. If, however, the lamps are scattered over a wide area, or in separate buildings somewhat far apart, as in a college or hospital, it may be better to select 200 volts as the supply pressure. If the battery can be in a position near the building to be lighted, it is best to use 100-volt incandescent lamps and enclosed arc lamps, which can be worked singly off the 100-volt circuit. The next matter to consider is the pressure of supply. lamps is required in a building the maximum electric power-supply available must be 3000 watts or 3 kilowatts. Hence if the equivalent of 100 carbon filament 8 c.p.
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In the case of metallic filament lamps about 1.0 or 1.25 watts. Each candle-power in the case of a carbon filament lamp can be taken as equivalent to 3.5 watts, or the 8 c.p. can be used with advantage in small bedrooms and passages. In lighting a private house or building, the first thing to be done is to settle the total number of incandescent lamps and their size, whether 32 c.p., 16 c.p. It is usual, in the case of electric lighting installations, to reckon all lamps in their equivalent number of 8 candle power (c.p.) incandescent lamps. If the building to be lighted is at some distance from the engine-house the battery should be placed in the basement of the building, and underground or overhead conductors, to convey the charging current, brought to it from the dynamo. The storage battery gives its supply automatically, but the dynamo and engine require incessant skilled attendance. This is necessary, not only as a security for the continuity of supply, but because otherwise the costs of labour in running the engine night and day become excessive. In connexion with the generator, it is almost the invariable custom to put down a secondary battery of storage cells, to enable the supply to be given after the engine has stopped. Lead storage cells, however, as at present made, when charged by a steam-driven dynamo deteriorate less rapidly than when an oil-engine is employed, the reason being that the charging current is more irregular in the latter case, since the single cylinder oil-engine only makes an impulse every other revolution. The oil-engine has been so improved that it is extensively used in combination with a direct-coupled or belt-driven dynamo and thus forms a favourite and easily-managed plant for private electric lighting.
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Where coal gas is not available, a Dowson gas-producer can be employed.
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Where coal or heating gas is available, a gas-engine is exceedingly convenient, since it requires little attention. Where space is valuable this is always coupled direct to the motor and if a steam-engine is employed, an enclosed engine is most cleanly and compact. The convenience of being able to employ storage batteries in connexion with a private-supply system is so great that unless power has to be transmitted long distances, the invariable rule is to employ a continuous-current dynamo. It may be either directly coupled to the motor, or driven by a belt and it may be either a continuous-current machine or an alternator, and if the latter, either single-phase or polyphase. Hence a private electric generating plant involves the erection of a dynamo which may be driven either by a steam, gas or oil engine, or by power obtained by means of a turbine from a low or high fall of water. Private Plants.-In spite of a great amount of ingenuity devoted to the development of the primary battery and the thermopile, no means of generation of large currents can compete in economy with the dynamo. If a supply of electric current has to be furnished to a building the option exists in many cases of drawing from a public supply or of generating it by a private plant. Lane Fox were among the first to see the possibilities and advantages of public electric supply, and to devise plans for its practical establishment. General Principles.-The improvements made in the dynamo and electric motor between 18 and also in the details of the arc and incandescent electric lamp towards the close of that decade, induced engineers to turn their attention to the question of the private and public supply of electric current for the purpose of lighting and power.